Our 2021 annual report analysing trends and highlight risks in electrical and gas accidents.

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Electrical and gas accidents 2021 annual report (PDF 1.9 MB)

Executive summary

Overview of 2021

During 2021, 10 notifiable and 14 non-notifiable accidents ¹ in New Zealand were reported to WorkSafe’s Energy Safety team comprising of:

• three electrical notifiable accidents (non-fire) which resulted a fatality and injured two people
• two notifiable and four non-notifiable natural gas accidents, which altogether resulted in no fatality but injury to one people.
• five notifiable and ten non-notifiable LPG accidents which altogether resulted in no fatality but injuries to four people.

High-risk groups 1993–2021

Since 1993, electrical and gas (natural and LPG) accidents in New Zealand have been analysed according to high-risk groups to provide information about trends, frequency, common causes and severity.

Electrical accidents

The previously known general public accidents (1993–2008), and all public electrical accidents investigated since 2009 by Energy Safety, are aggregated as a single electrical accident category to enable analysis.

Two categories of particular interest are accidents involving young people and electrical safety in domestic residential environments.

Young people (17 years old and under)

Since 1993 these young people were involved in 36% (105) of the total general public accidents (291), involving 18 fatalities and injury to 97 people.

DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT

More than 55% of the accidents involving the general public in the last 29 years occurred in a domestic environment, resulting in 30 fatalities (60%) and injuries to 131 people (53%).

Natural gas accidents

In the last 29 years, a total of 213 notifiable natural gas accidents and 643 non-notifiable accidents were reported to us.

EQUIPMENT

Cookers and ovens

A total of 38 (18%) notifiable natural gas accidents involved cookers or ovens. Twelve of 38 cookers or oven accident resulted in one fatality and injury to 14 people.

Cookers and ovens accounted for 76 (12%) of reported non-notifiable natural gas accidents.

Space heaters

A total of 58 (27%) notifiable natural gas accidents were involved space heater. Of these, 14 notifiable space heaters accidents resulted in three fatalities and injury to 13 people.

Space heaters accounted for 131 (20%) of reported non-notifiable accidents.

Water heaters and boilers

A total of 70 (33%) notifiable natural gas accidents reported involved water heaters or boilers. Of these, 16 resulting in one fatality and injury to 19 people.

Water heaters and boilers also accounted for 35 (5% of) reported non-notifiable accidents.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

In the last 29 years, a total of 451 notifiable LPG accidents and 602 non-notifiable accidents were reported to us.

EQUIPMENT

Cookers and ovens

Of the 451 notifiable LPG accidents reported, 131 (29%) involved cookers or ovens. Out of the 131 notifiable accidents involving cookers and ovens, 96 resulted in 17 fatalities and injury to 127 people.

Cookers and ovens accounted for 98 (16%) of reported non-notifiable LPG accidents.

Cabinet heaters

There were 143 (32%) notifiable LPG accidents reported that involved cabinet heaters. Out of these, 66 accidents resulted in 13 fatalities and injury to 67 people.

Cabinet heaters accounted for 173 (29%) of reported non-notifiable accidents.

Containers (refillable)

There were 26 (6%) notifiable accidents reported that involved LPG refillable containers. This resulted in 16 container accidents that caused four fatalities and injured 20 people.

Refillable containers accounted for 89 (15%) of reported non-notifiable accidents.

ENVIRONMENT

Caravans and campervans

There were 48 (11%) out of the 451 notifiable LPG accidents that occurred in caravans or campervans. Of these, 35 caused 11 fatalities and injured 41 people.

1.0 Background

Energy Safety is part of WorkSafe New Zealand – we are responsible for the administration of electricity and gas safety and related matters under the Gas Act 1992 and the Electricity Act 1992.

We aim to bring a clear focus on safety, supply quality and measurement across the electricity and gas sectors.

In January 2009, the responsibility for investigating and reporting on all worker and workplace related gas and electrical accidents was transferred from Energy Safety to the Labour Group (formerly the Department of Labour).

In 2013, Energy Safety became part of WorkSafe, and maintains their responsibility of conducting a range of functions under energy-related legislation. These include monitoring and enforcement, investigation of accidents related to gas and electricity, and the development and the promulgation of safety standards and information.

We have printed annual summaries of notifiable accidents since 2001, covering a period from 1998. The summaries provide analysis that highlights trends and risks. While the focus of the annual analyses has been on notifiable accidents, trends in non-notifiable accidents have also been examined.

In 2009 we replaced the printed annual summaries with an online version on a quarterly basis. The quarterly publications cover the notifiable accident investigations completed in that quarter. This annual report complements the quarterly accident summaries. They examine accident data and trends related to accidents that occurred in that year.

2.0 Accident data collection and recording

Energy Safety has to be notified of certain accidents.²

These are generally high consequence accidents. This obligation falls on participants in the energy industry in the first instance. Notifications of gas and electricity related accidents also come from consumers and other agencies, such as the Fire and Emergency New Zealand (FENZ) for example.

We investigate accidents and record at least a basic set of data on all reported accidents, regardless of the scale of the investigation. In general, more comprehensive information is recorded for the more intensive investigations that follow significant accidents.

As there is no obligation, and no rationale that is consistently applied for industry or industry sectors to report non-notifiable accidents to us, a low proportion of these accidents are reported.

We do not in general, conduct in-depth investigations of electrically caused fires unless there is evidence of equipment failure. This is because a significant number of fires that are related to the supply or use of electricity are either not reported or are not reported in a timely manner. Consequently, this does not allow for a meaningful investigation to be completed. In any case, many electrical fires, although covered by the Electricity Act 1992, occur from incorrect operation or misuse of electrical equipment.

The definitions of ‘accident’ are similar in the Electricity Act 1992 and the Gas Act 1992. However, there are significant differences in the collection and recording of electrical and gas accident data that affect the analysis of accidents and trends:

1. Electrically related fires are excluded from our analysis. As outlined above, there is evidence that there has historically been under-reporting to Energy Safety of less significant electrically related fires. In addition, our focus has been on electrical accidents³ other than fire.
2. Energy Safety investigates and records gas-related accidents that involve fire, explosion, or gas ‘poisoning’.⁴ Only those accidents that involve deliberate inhalation of LPG are excluded from our analysis.
3. The electrical accident database in use up until 2008 allowed investigators to record only one likely major cause for an electrical accident. The database used for gas investigations allowed investigators to record up to four likely causes or factors for a gas-related accident. The accident investigation database that has been in use since the beginning of 2008 allows a range of factors to be considered and identified.
4. Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) have different characteristics as fuels and differing distribution and utilisation patterns so they are recorded and analysed separately.
5. The gas accident database contains information about fatalities, injuries, fires, explosions and minor accidents for natural gas and LPG. These accidents have been analysed for severity⁵ and frequency of similar types of accidents.

2.1 Accident analysis

To identify trends and risk areas, this report examines data collected since 1993 on notifiable electrical accidents (other than fires) and both notifiable and nonnotifiable gas accidents.

Since the implementation of the Electricity Act 1992 and the Gas Act 1992 came into force, comparisons have been made between five-year periods.

This report includes the latest information available at the time of preparation. In some cases, the investigations are complex and may not have been completed at the time of publication. This means that each annual analysis has to review previous years’ cases when further information has been obtained.

This report does not set out to explain the reasons behind the trends and variations found. These trends may be influenced by any number of factors, including changes in the way accidents are reported, reporting level, or some improvements in safety or safety practices. Establishing the reason behind these trends would require a more detailed analysis of comprehensive data that is not always available and some of which may or may not exist.

We use a system called Energy Safety Intelligence (ESI), which was introduced at the beginning of 2008. This system integrates case management of electricity and gas operational activities, and stores electricity and gas accident information in a single database. This system has more data fields and a more consistent classification facility than was previously used.

3.0 Electrical accidents

Notifiable electrical accidents (non-fire) reported to us.

In a typical non-fire electrical accident, the victim receives an electric shock which requires medical treatment. In general these accidents are due to coming into proximity or contact with live electric lines, equipment or components.
Note: Fire-related electrical accidents and accidents that involve workers are not included in this analysis.

Electrical accidents prior to 1 January 2009 were categorised under three main occupational headings:

1. electrical workers
2. workers in other (non-electrical) occupations, and
3. the general public.

Generally about 50% of accidents involved electrical workers, 30% involved workers in other occupations, and 20% involved members of the public.

A notifiable electrical accident, as defined by the Electricity Act 1992, was modified by the Health and Safety at Workplace Act in 2016.⁶ The threshold for the electrical notifiable accident was raised, so now a fewer number of electrical accidents is qualified as notifiable accidents.

This report examines accidents involving members of the public for 2021, and also gives an overview of the 29 year period from 1993 to 2021.

It also compares rolling averages for the five-year base period (1993–1997) and the current five-year period (2017–2021).

One area of interest for electrical safety is protection of young people and the elderly. This section examines the number of accidents involving young people up to 17 years old and elderly people over 65.

3.1 Current trends

During 2021:

• Three notifiable accidents resulting one fatality and injuring two people. There were no fatal accidents during 2016 and 2019 (four years). Over the past 29 years there has been an average of 1.7 fatalities per year.
• The two accidents resulting in an injury affected two people. Over the past 29 years the average was 8.5 notifiable accidents and injuring average 8.9 people per year.
• All of these three notifiable accidents involved the standard low voltage system of 230 volt (V). The average number of notifiable accidents involving 230V systems over the past 29 years is 6.7 per year.

3.2 Longer term trends

Observations based on analysis of trends, consequence, and frequency for the 29 year period between 1993 and 2021:

• There were 291 accidents involving members of the public which resulted in fatalities or injuries to 307 people (see Table 1: Notifiable electrical accidents and casualties).
• Fifty of these were fatal accidents, each of which involved a single fatality. In six of the fatal accidents there was at least one other person injured.
• There were 247 injury accidents causing injury to a total of 257 people.
• Figure 1a shows considerable year-on-year variation in the number of fatal and injury accidents and there is no obvious significant trend in the annual number of fatal and injury accidents in this period. A five year rolling average accident number shows some reduction over the last 29 years.
• One hundred and fourteen (37%) of the total 307 victims are young people (under 17), see Figure 1b.

	Number of accidents	Number of casualties
Fatality	44	44
Fatality and injury	6	13
Injury	241	250
Total	291	306

Table 1: Notifiable electrical accidents and casualties

3.3 Age group

Accident data includes the general age group of involved parties (see Table 2) where it is known, or a reasonable estimate can be made.

	Fatal		Injury
Age groups	Consequence7 (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021	Consequence (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021
Young people (0-17)	18 (18)	1 (1)	96 (89)	3 (3)
Child (0-4)	5 (5)	1(1)	15 (13)	0 (0)
School age (5-12)	5 (5)	0 (0)	55 (54)	2 (2)
Adolescent (13-17)	8 (8)	0 (0)	26 (22)	1 (1)
Adult	30 (30)	1 (1)	126 (125)	6 (6)
Elderly (65+)	2 (2)	0 (0)	13 (13)	0 (0)
Total	50 (50)	2 (2)	257 (247)	11 (11)

Table 2: Age breakdown for notifiable electric shock accidents involving members of the public

Our analysis shows:

• Thirty-six percent of fatal accidents (18 fatalities) involved young people. There is a single fatal accident over the last eight years for this age group.
• Eighty-nine injury accidents involved 96 young people and three of these accidents, injuring three, occurred in the last five years.
• There has been a significant reduction in the number of young people who were injured in electrical accidents during the current period compared with the base period. In the current period, three (27%) out of 11 injuries involved young people compared with 30 (45%) out of 67 injuries in the base period.
• Only 5% (15) of the total 291 accidents involved people aged 65 years or over. This is a relatively small number compared with the age profile of the population as a whole. As numbers are small no further analysis has been carried out.

3.4 Voltage

Our analysis shows:

• The standard voltage in domestic installations is 230V. This is the voltage that people normally interact with in their homes. About two thirds of accidents involving members of the public involve 230V (see Figure 1c).
• Thirty-two (64%) of the 49 fatal accidents and 163 (66%) of the 247 injury accidents involved 230V systems; two (4%) fatal accidents and 15 (6%) of injury accidents involved 400V systems; and eight (16%) of fatal accidents and 36 (15%) of injury accidents involved 11,000V systems (see Table 3).
• Of the 50 fatal accidents, 18 of the victims were young people. 12 of these cases involved 230V systems.
• Sixty-seven (34%) of the 193 fatal and injury accidents associated with 230V systems involved young people.

	Fatal		Injury
Voltage groups	Consequence8 (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021	Consequence (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021
230	32 (32)	1 (1)	165 (163)	9 (9)
400	2 (2)	0 (0)	15 (15)	0 (0)
11,000	8 (8)	0 (0)	38 (36)	1 (1)
25,000	2 (2)	0 (0)	3 (3)	0 (0)
33,000	2 (2)	0 (0)	7 (7)	0 (0)
66,000	1 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1)	0 (0)
110,000	0 (0)	0 (0)	6 (2)	0 (0)
Total	50 (50)	2 (2)	257 (247)	11 (11)

Table 3: Voltage breakdown for notifiable electric shock accidents involving members of the public

3.5 Causal factors

Our investigations seek to identify a causal factor(s). These factors fall into one or more broad categories as indicated in Figure 1d. Because there can be a combination of one or more causal factors for an accident, percentages do not add to 100%.

Our analysis shows:

• In cases involving members of the public the most common causes of electrical accidents were lack of maintenance in 65 cases (22%), and misuse actions in 46 cases (16%) (see Figure 1d).
• In 11 (22%) fatal electrical accidents, misuse of equipment was identified as the cause.
• Table 4 gives the most common causes of electrical accidents over the past 29 years, and over the past five years.

	Period 1993-2021	Period 2017-2021
Main causes	Lack of maintenance 22% Failure to follow safe work procedures 22% Misuse 16%	Malfunction 38% Failure to follow safe work procedures 38%

Table 4: Factors in notifiable electrical accidents involving members of the public

3.6 Equipment

Over 90% of accidents that involved members of the public were associated with one of five categories of equipment (see Figure 1e):

• appliances (28%)
• domestic installation (include extension lead) wiring (19%)
• installation fittings ⁹ (19%)
• works or distribution cable (19%)
• works distribution fittings (11%).

3.7 Environment

Figure 1f gives a more detailed breakdown of electrical accidents by environment type. Over half (55%) of the accidents occurred in the domestic environment. 16% of accidents occurred in the commercial environment and a similar level (17%) of accident occurred near works.

Our analysis shows:

• Thirty accidents (60%) of the 50 fatal accidents and 131 (53%) of the 247 injury accidents occurred in the domestic environment. 230V domestic systems wereinvolved in 27 of the 30 domestic environment fatal accidents and in 113 of the 131 injury accidents.
• Ten (20%) of the 50 fatal accidents and 43 (17%) of the injury accidents occurred in the work environment. Four fatal and 23 injury accidents involved 11,000V systems.

4.0 Natural gas accidents

Notifiable and non-notifiable accidents (natural gas) reported to us.

We analyse natural gas-related accidents of all types, including fires and explosions, whether or not there were fatalities, or any loss related to property. All non-notifiable accidents, except for those reported in bulk,¹⁰ is included in this analysis.

This analysis examines accidents involving members of the public for 2021 and also for the 29 year period from 1993 to 2021. It includes a comparison between the base period (1993–1997) and the current five year period (2017–2021).

Historically data relating to gas accidents did not include the age of the victim. Recording data related to the age group of the victim for gas started with the introduction of an integrated case management system (ESI) in 2008. This section identifies general trends and examines general categories of appliances and other equipment involved in accidents.

4.1 Current trends

Analysis of notifiable gas accidents shows that during 2021:

• There were two notifiable natural gas accidents reported during year. One of these accidents causes significant property damage and another cause injury to a single person.
• In the past 29 years there have been 0.2 fatal accidents and 2.1 injury accidents per year on average.
• Four non-notifiable accidents were reported. One accident each involved cooker, heater, installation pipe work and water heater.
• Over the last six years, seven non-notifiable distribution accidents (involving mains, services, and regulator stations etc) were reported after five years of nil accident reporting. The average distribution accident number over the first 18 years (1993-2010) was 16.7. A likely reason for a decline in distribution accident reporting to us was the transfer of responsibility for workplace accidents investigation under workplace safety legislation (then Department of Labour) in 2009.

4.2 Longer term trends

Observations based on analysis of trends, consequence, and frequency for the 29-year period between 1993 and 2021:

• There were a total of 213 notifiable accidents. 149 (70%) of these were noncasualty accidents that resulted in property damage.
• There have been five fatal accidents (with five fatalities) and 61 injury – accidents injuring 75 people (see Figure 2a). With this small number spread over a 29-year period, it is not possible to identify a trend for fatal and injury accidents.
• The last fatal accident occurred in 2007. Fixed space heaters were involved in three of these fatal accidents, and cookers and water heaters were involved in one accident each.
• A total of 643 non-notifiable accidents were reported to Energy Safety. A reduction in non-notifiable accidents is observed over the last 16 years and a very clear downward trend is noticeable over the last 13 years (2009–2021) (see Figure 2b).
• Forty-one non-notifiable accidents were reported in the last five years compared with 121 in the initial five-year period, a decrease of about two thirds (see Figure 2b). The notification of non-notifiable accidents related to gas distribution11 has dropped in the last 13 years.¹²
• The number of non-notifiable accidents reported by the gas industry has declined to 11 (2.2 per year) over the last five years compared to the base period 44 (8.8 per year). More non-notifiable gas distribution accidents were reported by the gas industry during 1998–2002 (18.0 per year) and 2003–2008 (15.3 per year) periods.
• Forty-three percent of non-notifiable accidents were reported to Energy Safety by the gas industry.

4.3 Causal factors

Table 5 gives the most common causes of notifiable natural gas accidents over the past 29 years, and over the past five years.

The most common causes¹³ identified of notifiable accidents over the last 29 years (see Figure 2c) were:

• assembly, connection, installation, alteration¹⁴ 72 (34%)
• lack of maintenance 41 (19%)
• failure to follow appropriate procedure 34 (16%)
• appliances too close to combustible products (proximity) 28 (13%)
• work practices and third-party damage 29 (14%).

	Period 1993-2021	Period 2017-2021
Main causes	Assembly, connection, installation, alteration 34% Lack of maintenance 19% Procedure 16% Work practice, interference by third parties, operation error 14%	Assembly, connection, installation, alteration 27% Lack of maintenance 9% Procedure 18% Malfunction 18% Misuse or deliberate 9%

Table 5: Factors in notifiable natural gas accidents involving members of the public

A third (200) of the non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by failure to follow correct work practices, including third-party incidents involving nongas industry workers. 123 (19%) were caused by lack of maintenance, 73 (11%) by assembly, connection, installation, alteration15 and 86 (13%) by not following correct procedures (see Figure 2d).

4.4 Equipment type

Table 6 and 7 give a more detailed breakdown of natural gas casualty and all natural gas accidents by equipment type. Three categories of appliance were involved in 78% of notifiable accidents (see Figure 2e).

• Water heaters or boilers 70 (33%).
• Space heaters 58 (28%).
• Cooking appliances 38 (18%).

About 90% of these accidents involved a fire or explosion.

	Fatal		Injury
Equipment type	Consequence16 (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021	Consequence (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021
Cookers and ovens	1 (1)	0 (0)	14 (11)	0 (0)
Space heaters	3 (3)	0 (0)	13 (12)	0 (0)
Water heaters	1 (1)	0 (0)	19 (16)	1 (1)
Mains/service and regulator stations	0 (0)	0 (0)	17 (13)	2 (1)
Total	5 (5)	0 (0)	75 (61)	4 (3)

Table 6: Breakdown of natural gas casualty accidents involving members of the public by equipment type

 

	Notfiable		Non-notifiable
Equipment type	Accidents17 (per year) 1993-2021	Accidents (per year) 2017-2021	Accidents (per year) 1993-2021	Accidents (per year) 2017-2021
Cookers and ovens	38 (1.3)	0 (0)	76 (2.6)	9 (1.8)
Space heaters	58 (2.0)	2 (0.4)	131 (4.5)	12 (2.4)
Water heaters	70 (2.4)	3 (1.0)	36 (1.2)	4 (0.8)
Mains/service and regulator stations	27 (0.9)	2 (0.4)	308 (10.6)	5 (1.0)
Total	213 (7.3)	11 (2.2)	643 (22.2)	41 (8.2)

Table 7: Breakdown of natural gas accidents involving members of the public by equipment type

• Approximately half (13 of 27) of the notifiable accidents in the distribution system caused injury to 17 people.
• Approximately half (308) of the 643 non-notifiable accidents reported to Energy Safety involved distribution equipment ¹⁸ (see Figure 2f) with a gas leak or escape being the outcome in over 80% of cases, and fire in 9% of these cases. Approximately 57% of distribution accidents, including third-party strikes, involved failure to follow correct work practices.
• Approximately one third (32%) or 207 out of the 643 non-notifiable accidents reported to Energy Safety, involved heating equipment or cooking equipment. Fire was the outcome in about three quarters of these accidents.

Cookers and ovens

• Eighteen percent (38) of the 213 notifiable accidents and 12% (76) of the 643 non-notifiable accidents involved cookers or ovens. Cookers and ovens were involved in one fatality (in 1999) and injury to 14 people (within 11 injury accidents), see Figure 2g.

• Eleven (18%) of the total natural gas notifiable injury accidents involved gas cookers or ovens. In the past 29 years there have been, on average, 1.3 notifiable accidents and 2.6 non-notifiable accidents involving cookers per year.
• Fifteen (39%) notifiable cooker accidents reported were caused by lack of maintenance and 12 (31%) were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
• Twenty-two (29%) non-notifiable cooker accidents reported were caused by lack of maintenance, 13 (17%) were caused by operation issue and 18 (24%) caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.

Space heaters

• Twenty-seven percent (58) of the 213 notifiable accidents and 20% (131) of the 643 non-notifiable accidents involved space heaters. Space heaters were involved in three fatalities (three fatal accidents) and injury to 13 people (within 12 injury accidents). The last fatal accident involving a space heater occurred eleven years ago in 2007 (see Figure 2h).
• Twelve (20%) of the total injury accidents involved space heaters in the past 29 years. In the past 29 years there have been, on average, 2.0 notifiable accidents and 4.5 non-notifiable space heater accidents per year.
• Fourteen of 58 notifiable space heater accidents caused three fatalities and injury to 13 people.
• Twenty-four (41%) notifiable heater accidents reported were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration. 15 (26%) were caused by design¹⁹ fault and 13 (22%) were caused by proximity to a combustion product.
• Thirty-two (24%) non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration. 37 (28%) were caused by design fault and 38 (29%) were caused by lack of maintenance.

Water heaters and boilers

• Thirty-three percent (70) of the 213 notifiable accidents and 6% (36) of 643 non-notifiable accidents involved water heaters. Water heaters were involved in one fatality (in 1998) and injury to 19 people (within 16 injury accidents), see Figure 2i.
• In the past 29 years, 25% of the total 75 injuries involved water heaters. There have been, on average, 2.4 notifiable accidents and 1.2 non-notifiable water heater accidents per year.
• Seventy (24%) notifiable water heater accidents reported were caused by lack of maintenance and 28 (40%) caused assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
• Twelve (33%) non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by lack of maintenance, 10 (28%) were caused by proximity to a combustion product and 9 (25%) were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
  
  

5.0 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Notifiable and non-notifiable accidents reported to Energy Safety involving liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

This section includes LPG fuel gas-related accidents of all types, including fire and explosion, whether there were casualties or property loss. All non-notifiable accidents, except for those reported in bulk²⁰ are included in this analysis.

This analysis examines accidents involving members of the public in 2021, and also for the 29 year period from 1993 to 2021. It includes a comparison between the base period (1993–1997) and the current five year period (2017–2021). In addition to accidents involving members of the public Energy Safety retains an interest in equipment which is reflected in this analysis.

Historically data relating to LPG accidents did not focus on the victims’ age. The recording of data related to the age group of the victims for gas, began with the introduction of an integrated case management system (ESI) in 2008. This section identifies general trends and examines general categories of appliances and other equipment involved in accidents.

LPG is normally used as a fuel for heating, cooking or lighting. However, in a few cases, LPG is deliberately inhaled with serious consequences. (Energy Safety is not the lead agency for investigating incidents that involve the deliberate inhalation of LPG.)

Deliberate LPG inhalation accidents differ from other LPG accidents as the fuel is knowingly misused or handled without any fault in the equipment or fuel. Analysis that included this data might give the impression that LPG is a more dangerous fuel than it actually is in normal use. Deliberate LPG inhalation accidents are not included in the LPG accident analysis.

5.1 Current trends

Examination of notifiable LPG accidents shows that during 2021:

• There were five notifiable accidents that involved injury or significant property damage. The average annual notifiable accident number is 15.6 over the past 29 years.
• There was not a single fatal LPG accident this year. Over the last 29 years the average number of fatal accidents has been 1.3 per year and 1.5 fatalities per year.
• Three of the notifiable injury accidents injured four people. The average for the last 29 years of 7.5 notifiable injury accidents caused an average of 10.5 injuries.
• Two cooker and, one each heater, water heater and appliance and other type of gas appliances are involved in notifiable accidents. Both of notifiable cooker accidents casing injury.
• Ten non-notifiable accidents were reported to Energy Safety. This is about 48% of the annual average number (20,8) over the last 29 years. All except one of these non-notifiable accidents resulted in fires.

5.2 Longer term trends

Observations based on analysis of trends, consequence and frequency for the 29-year period between 1993 and 2021:

• Thirty-seven fatal accidents resulted in 44 fatalities.
• Cooking equipment was involved in 13 (35%) fatal accidents resulting in 17 (39%) fatalities.
• Cabinet heaters were involved in 12 (32%) of fatal accidents resulting in 13 (30%) fatalities. The last fatal accident was occurred over six years ago.
• A fatal accident involving fire or explosion is more frequent than a fatal accident involving carbon monoxide poisoning, but carbon monoxide poisoning is more deadly. Twenty three of these 44 fatalities involved fire or explosion (in 21 accidents) and 20 fatalities involved carbon monoxide poisoning in 15 cases. An average of 1.1 fatalities occurred per fire or explosion accident while an average of 1.3 fatalities occurred for carbon monoxide poisoning accidents.
• There is no clear long term trend to indicate any change in the number of fatal accidents over the last 29 years (see Figure 3a). However, there appears to have been a spike in the number of fatal cabinet heater accidents between 2007 and 2012 compared to the long term trend. Seven of the 12 fatal accidents occurred in the six year period (2007–2012) in comparison to three fatal accidents (four fatalities) in the previous 14 years (1993–2006). There have been two fatal cabinet heater accidents since 2013 (last eight years).

• There have been 451 notifiable accidents. One hundred and fifty-four (35%) of the total notifiable accidents and 234 (39%) of the 602 non-notifiable accidents were caused by poor assembly, connection, and installation of or alteration to, an appliance. When analysing gas related accidents it is worth noting that many of these accidents may have had more than one cause attributed to them.
• A total of 216 notifiable injury accidents caused injuries to 305 people.
• Table 8 and table 9 give a more detailed breakdown of LPG casualty and all LPG accidents by equipment type. Cooking appliances were involved in 39% and cabinet heaters in 25% of injury accidents. Two thirds of injuries were caused by these two types of equipment.
• Of the total 441 notifiable accidents, 413 (92%) involved fires or explosions and 44% (200) of these fire accidents resulted in casualties.
• A total of 602 non-notifiable accidents were reported to Energy Safety.
• One hundred seventy-three (29%) non-notifiable accidents involved cabinet heaters; 92 (15%) involved containers; 98 (16%) barbecues; and 98 (16%) cooking equipment.
• Over 72% (434) of non-notifiable accidents involved fires or explosions, and about 23% (138) involved gas escaping.
• Twenty percent of the total 1058 notifiable and non-notifiable accidents were reported by Health and Safety Inspectors, and 29% were reported by the New Zealand Fire Service (now Fire and Emergency New Zealand). However, notification by Health and Safety Inspectors has significantly reduced since 2008 (last fourteen years) (0.8% of total notification).

	Fatal		Injury
Equipment type	Consequence21 (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021	Consequence (frequency) 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021
Cookers and ovens	17 (13)	0 (0)	127 (85)	18 (11)
Cabinet heaters	13 (12)	0 (0)	67 (55)	1 (1)
BBQ	0 (0)	0 (0)	7 (6)	3 (2)
Refrigerator	6 (5)	0 (0)	12 (10)	0 (0)
Containers (refillable)	4 (4)	0 (0)	20 (13)	0 (0)
Canister and canister equipment (mainly cookers) (non-refillable)	6 (3)	0 (0)	54 (31)	10 (5)
Total	44 (37)	1 (1)	305 (218)	40 (25)

Table 8: Breakdown of LPG casualty accidents involving members of the public by equipment type.

	Notifiable		Non-notifiable
Equipment type	Accidents22 (per year) 1993-2021	Accidents (per year) 2007-2021	Accidents (per year) 1993-2021	Accidents (per year) 2007-2021
Cookers and ovens	131 (4.5)	13 (2.6)	98 (3.4)	18 (3.6)
Cabinet heaters	143 (4.9)	8 (1.6)	173 (6.0)	7 (1.4)
BBQ	20 (0.7)	3 (0.6)	98 (3.4)	13 (2.6)
Refrigerator	26 (0.9)	2 (0.4)	8 (0.3)	2 (0.4)
Containers (refillable)	26 (0.9)	0 (0)	89 (3.1)	1 (0.2)
Canister and canister equipment (mainly cookers) (non-refillable)	37 (1.3)	5 (1.0)	28 (1.0)	10 (2.0)
Total	451 (15.6)	39 (7.8)	602 (20.8)	64 (12.8)

Table 9: Breakdown of LPG accidents involving members of the public by equipment type.

5.3 Causal factors

Table 10 gives the most common causes of LPG accidents over the past 29 years and the last five years. The main causes²³ of the notifiable accidents (see Figure 3c) have been:

• incorrect assembly, connection, installation or alteration (35%)
• incorrect operation (15%)
• lack of maintenance (16%)
• operating close to flammable materials (8%).

	Period 1993-2021	Period 2017-2021
Main causes	Assembly, connection, installation, alteration 35% Operation error 15% Lack of maintenance 15% Design 7% Procedure 9% Carelessness 9%	Assembly, connection, installation, alteration 23% Operation error 3% Lack of maintenance 5% Design 3% Procedure 10% Carelessness 10%

Table 10: Factors in notifable LPG accidents involving members of the public

These causes were also the major contributors to non-notifiable accidents reported to Energy Safety (see Figure 3d).

5.4 Equipment

The major contributors to notifiable accidents (see Figure 3e) have been:

• cabinet heaters 143 (32%)
• containers 30 (7%)
• cookers and ovens 130 (29%)

This equipment has also contributed to a significant level of non-notifiable accidents (see Figure 3f). Together these three types of equipment have contributed to about two thirds of the total number of non-notifiable accidents. Barbecues have contributed to 16% of non-notifiable LPG accidents, but for only about 4% of notifiable accidents.

• Gas equipment fuelled by canisters (non-refillable) were involved in 37 notifiable accidents over the last 29 years which is about 8% of the total LPG notifiable accidents.
• Three canister fuelled notifiable accidents caused six fatalities (14% of the total LPG fatalities) and 31 notifiable accidents injured 54 people (18% of total LPG injuries).
• Eleven percent (48) of notifiable LPG accidents (451) occurred in caravans. Ten of these were fatal causing 11 fatalities. Twenty-seven of the notifiable accidents injured 41 people, 13% of the total LPG injuries (see Table 11).

Environment	Consequence (frequency)24 1993-2021	Consequence (frequency) 2017-2021
Caravan or campervan	Fatal 11 (10) Injury 41 (27) Notifiable (48) Non-notifiable (20)	Fatal 0 (0) Injury (3) Notifiable (5) Non-notifiable (5)

Table 11: Environment factors in LPG accidents involving members of the public

Cookers and ovens

• Twenty-nine percent (131) of the 451 notifiable accidents and 16% (98) of the 602 non-notifiable accidents involved cookers or ovens. Cookers and ovens were involved in 17 fatalities (13 fatal accidents) and injured 127 people (85 injury accidents), see Figure 3g.
• Thirty-nine percent of total fatalities and 42% of total injuries involved cookers or ovens. In the past 29 years there have been 0.6 fatalities, 4.4 injuries, 4.5 notifiable accidents, and 3.4 non-notifiable accidents per year on average.
• Twenty (15%) notifiable cookers or ovens accidents reported were caused by incorrect operation and 52 (40%) caused assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
• Forty-two (43%) non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration

Cabinet heaters

• Thirty-two percent (143) of the 451 notifiable accidents and 29% (173) of the 602 non-notifiable accidents involved cabinet heaters. Cabinet heaters were involved in 13 fatalities (12 fatal accidents), and injury to 67 people (within 55 injury accidents) (see Figure 3h).
• Thirty percent of total LPG fatalities and 22% of total injuries involved cabinet heaters. In the past 29 years there have been 0.4 fatalities, 2.3 injuries, 4.9 notifiable accidents and 6.0 non-notifiable accidents per year on average.
• Twenty-three (16%) notifiable accidents reported were caused by lack of maintenance, 23 (16%) were caused by proximity to a combustion product and 39 (27%) were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
• Twenty-six (15%) non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by lack of maintenance and 88 (51%) were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.

Barbecue

• Four percent (20) of the 451 notifiable accidents and 16% (98) of the 602 non-notifiable accidents involved barbecues. Barbecues were not involved in any fatalities, but injured seven people (six injury accidents), see Figure 3i.
• In the past 29 years there have been 0.7 notifiable accidents and 3.4 nonnotifiable accidents per year on average.
• Six (30%) notifiable accidents and 55 (56%) of non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.

5.5 Environment

Caravans and campervans

• Eleven percent (48) of the 451 notifiable accidents and 3% (20) of the 602 non-notifiable accidents occurred in caravans or campervans. Caravans and campervans were involved in 11 fatalities (10 fatal accidents) and injured 41 people (27 injury accidents) (see Figure 3j).
• Twenty-five percent (11) of total fatalities and 13% (41) of total injuries occurred in caravans or campervans. In the past 29 years there have been 0.4 fatalities, 1.4 injuries, 1.7 notifiable accidents and 0.7 non-notifiable accidents per year on average.
• Twenty-three (48%) notifiable accidents and 4 (20%) of non-notifiable accidents reported were caused by assembly, connection, installation and alteration.

Appendix

Appendix 1: Accidents and accident notification definitions

The occupier or the person in charge of a non-work-related accident area is required by law to report to WorkSafe any accidents that are caused by electricity or gas that result in fatalities, serious injuries or significant damage to property.

A notifiable electrical accident has the same meaning as a ‘notifiable accident’ in the Electricity Act 1992. A ‘notifiable electrical accident’ is defined as an accident that is caused wholly or partly by, or involves or affects, electricity, or involves or affects the generation, conversion, transformation, conveyance, or use of electricity, and results in:

1. serious harm to any person, or
2. damage to any place or part of a place that renders that place or that part of that place unusable for any purpose for which it was used or designed to be used before that accident.

Serious harm means:

• death or injury that consists of or includes loss of consciousness, or
• injury that necessitates the person suffering the injury:

1. being admitted to hospital; or
2. a notifiable injury or illness as defined in section 23 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 (previously it was receiving medical treatment from a medical practitioner).

A notifiable gas accident has the same meaning as a ‘notifiable accident’ in the Gas Act 1992. A ‘notifiable gas accident’ is defined as an accident that:

• involves the production, conversion, supply, distribution, or use of gas, and results in:

1. serious harm to any person, or
2. significant property damage.

Serious harm means:

• death or harm that incapacitates, or is likely to incapacitate, the person suffering harm for 48 hours or more
• harm that incapacitates, or is likely to incapacitate, the person suffering harm due to the inhalation of carbon monoxide, or
• a notifiable injury or illness as defined in section 23 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 (previously it was ‘harm of the kinds and descriptions that are serious harm under the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992’).

A non-notifiable gas accident is defined as an accident that:

• causes property loss, and/or
• causes injury below the threshold defined in the Gas Act 1992, and is involved with what is supposed to be a safe supply or use of fuel gas.

Footnotes

1. See Appendix for definitions of ‘notifiable’ and ‘non-notifiable’ accidents.
2. See section 17 of the Gas Act 1992 and section 16 of the Electricity Act 1992.
3. These electrical accidents relate to direct contact with electricity (that is, ‘shock’).
4. Because modern reticulated gases do not contain carbon monoxide, this typically involves exposure to harmful products of combustion.
5. For the purpose of analysis, severity is categorised broadly as ‘fatal’, ‘notifiable – injury’, ‘notifiable – other’ or ‘non-notifiable’.
6. The definition changed from ‘receiving medical treatment from a registered health practitioner’ to ‘admitted to hospital for immediate treatment’.
7. The first number represents casualties and the bracketed number represents accidents.
8. The first number represents casualties and the bracketed number represents accidents.
9. Domestic installation fittings include switches, plugs and light fittings.
10. For a certain period in the 1990s Energy Safety received information (notification) of third party strikes in bulk. While all were recorded, in general Energy Safety did not investigate these ‘bulk reported’ and other low level incident events.
11. Distribution includes mains, services and regulator stations.
12. The main reason for this drop is the change of responsibility for reporting and investigating workplace accidents.
13. Many accidents may have had more than one cause attributed to them.
14. Incorrect work includes assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
15. Incorrect work includes incorrect assembly, connection, installation and alteration.
16. The first number represents casualties and the bracketed number represents accidents.
17. The first number represents accidents and the bracketed number represents accidents per year.
18. This includes mains, services, regulator stations and meters.
19. This includes engineering problems with structure/material specifications or plans. Also clear ergonomic problems (making misuse or operation error likely).
20. For a certain period in the 1990s Energy Safety received information (notification) of minor incidents in bulk. While all were recorded, in general Energy Safety did not investigate these ‘bulk reported’ and other low level incident events.
21. The first number represents casualties and the bracketed number represents accidents.
22. The first number represents accidents and the bracketed number represents accidents per year.
23. Many accidents may have had more than one cause attributed to them.
24. The first number represents casualties and the bracketed number represents accidents.